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鈥淭here is no achievement gap at birth,鈥� MacArthur 鈥済enius鈥� award recipient Lisa Delpit affirms at the outset of her new book, . 鈥淚f we do not recognize the brilliance before us, we cannot help but carry on the stereotypic societal views that these [African-American] children are somehow damaged goods and that they cannot be expected to succeed.鈥�

In this title, Delpit, whose previous book鈥攖he acclaimed yet controversial Other People鈥檚 Children鈥攚as published 16 years ago, delves into the school factors that have contributed to the achievement gap. She makes the case that African-American students do not achieve to their potential because they鈥檙e hindered by 鈥渟ociety鈥檚 deeply ingrained bias of equating blackness with inferiority,鈥� the effects of stereotype threat, and curriculum that is not meaningful to them. More simply, she argues, they are not being taught effectively.

To educate our children, Delpit writes, teachers need a deep understanding of where they come from and what knowledge they bring to class. 鈥淲e must learn who our children are鈥攖heir lived cultures; their interests; and their intellectual, political, and historical legacies.鈥� In addition, she writes, teachers must be 鈥渨arm demanders,鈥� meaning that they need to communicate clear, high expectations and hold students accountable for their performance, but also show care and concern.

Delpit goes on to take education reform efforts to task. The recent focus on test prep and 鈥渂asic skills,鈥� especially in low-performing urban schools, deprives students of opportunities to exercise their critical thinking, she writes. Charter schools find ways to 鈥渃ounsel out鈥� the most challenging student populations. And, according to Delpit, the proliferation of alternative-certification programs that put high-achieving graduates from competitive universities into low-income schools鈥擳each for America being the 鈥渆mblematic鈥� one鈥攈as led to the displacement of veteran African-American teachers in favor of young, mostly white teachers. 鈥淲hatever else we might do, school reform must include efforts to recruit and sustain local, African-American teachers,鈥� she contends.

Through anecdotes based on her many classroom visits and her experiences with her own daughter鈥檚 education, Delpit paints a picture of a system with pervasive inequities. She recounts an instance in which an African-American student asked a tutor: 鈥淲hy you trying to teach me to multiply, Ms. L.? Black people don鈥檛 multiply; black people just add and subtract. White people multiply.鈥� Too often, Delpit explains, African-American students respond to the notion that they will not achieve by 鈥溾�榙isidentifying鈥� with the institutions that think so poorly of them.鈥�

But the outlook is not all bleak. By cultivating genuine relationships with students, individual teachers are making a difference, she says. For these teachers, she writes, 鈥渢heir success is not because their skin color matches their students鈥� but because they know the lives and culture of their students. Knowing students is a prerequisite for teaching them well.鈥�

鈥擫iana Heitin