91直播
These Schools Served Black Students During Segregation. There鈥檚 a Fight to Preserve Them
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1926-1927 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009. The building is now owned by Cain鈥檚 Chapel Missionary Baptist Church, which sits adjacent to it.
The Russell School (also known as Cain鈥檚 School), a Rosenwald school in Durham, N.C., pictured on Feb. 17, 2021.
Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
Equity & Diversity Video

These Schools Served Black Students During Segregation. There鈥檚 a Fight to Preserve Them

By Jaclyn Borowski, Daarel Burnette II & Brooke Saias 鈥� July 13, 2021 1 min read
Equity & Diversity Video

These Schools Served Black Students During Segregation. There鈥檚 a Fight to Preserve Them

By Jaclyn Borowski, Daarel Burnette II & Brooke Saias 鈥� July 13, 2021 1 min read
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Jane Carpenter Pollard, alumna of the historic Scrabble School located in Rappahannock County, Va. She and her six siblings attended the Rosenwald school.

Civil rights leaders鈥� half-century struggle to get Black students access to all of America鈥檚 public schools, culminating in the Brown v. Board of Education decision, is widely known. But the story of how Black people, just a handful of years after slavery ended, managed to grow a solid middle class without access to so many of America鈥檚 public schools is not nearly as well known.

This story involves Black ingenuity, an unusual friendship between a Jewish philanthropist and a Black educator, and a widespread desire among Black parents for their children to be provided the same quality of education as white children.

Historic photos pictured inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala.
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Historic photos pictured inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
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The Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed in 1915.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed in 1915.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1998.
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The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1998.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
A look inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
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A look inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
Large windows were a common feature amongst the Rosenwald schools.
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Large windows were a common feature amongst the Rosenwald schools.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播

In the years following the abolishment of slavery, Black politicians鈥� number one Reconstruction victory was the establishment of a publicly-funded school system in the South. But soon after states promised in their constitutions that the public would get access to an adequate and equitable education, local politicians promptly banned Black, taxpaying parents from enrolling their children.

Aware of the crucial economic role education can play for the descendants of slaves, Julius Rosenwald, a Chicago philanthropist and Sears, Roebuck president, along with Booker T. Washington, the principal of Tuskeegee Institute, worked with Black communities across the south to build more than 5,000 schools for Black children.

As Republicans and Democrats today debate what public school students should learn about America鈥檚 racist past, historians are attempting to archive how Black parents responded when our country鈥檚 school system systemically shut Black students out of their public school system.
This story has been largely washed from our nation鈥檚 collective memory but some of those 5,000 school houses that Black communities built and staffed, still stand in plain sight. Their graduates, many of whom went on to stage the civil rights movement, are still alive.

91直播 photographed 17 so-called Rosenwald schools across the South. We spoke with scholars and national park leaders about the Rosenwald schools鈥� history and the fight to preserve their legacy.

Peake High School (also known as the Arkadelphia Head Start Center), a Rosenwald school in Arkadelphia, Ark., pictured on March 22, 2021.
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Peake High School (also known as the Arkadelphia Head Start Center), a Rosenwald school in Arkadelphia, Ark., pictured on March 22, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the seven-teacher school was developed between 1928-1929.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the seven-teacher school was developed between 1928-1929.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2005.
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The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2005.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
Old Lincoln High (also known as the A. Quinn Jones Building), a Rosenwald school in Gainesville, Fla., pictured on Feb. 16, 2021. The 15-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924 and is currently used as a school.
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Old Lincoln High (also known as the A. Quinn Jones Building), a Rosenwald school in Gainesville, Fla., pictured on Feb. 16, 2021. The 15-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924 and is currently used as a school.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Galesville School (also known as Old Galesville Elementary School and the Galesville Community Center), a Rosenwald school in Galesville, Md., pictured on March 15, 2021. The one-teacher school was developed between 1929-1930.
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The Galesville School (also known as Old Galesville Elementary School and the Galesville Community Center), a Rosenwald school in Galesville, Md., pictured on March 15, 2021. The one-teacher school was developed between 1929-1930.
鈥� Eric Harkleroad/91直播
The Ridgely School, a Rosenwald school in Capitol Heights, Md., pictured on March 15, 2021. The two-teacher school was developed between 1926-1927 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2015.
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The Ridgely School, a Rosenwald school in Capitol Heights, Md., pictured on March 15, 2021. The two-teacher school was developed between 1926-1927 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2015.
鈥� Eric Harkleroad/91直播
Alan Spears, Senior Director for Cultural Resources for the National Parks Conservation Association. Spears helps to lead the organization鈥檚 campaign to establish a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools national park site.
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Alan Spears, Senior Director for Cultural Resources for the National Parks Conservation Association. Spears helps lead the organization鈥檚 campaign to establish a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools national park site.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The Bay Springs School, a Rosenwald school in Hattiesburg, Miss., pictured on March 14, 2021. According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1925-1926. It was badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but later restored. The school is not listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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The Bay Springs School, a Rosenwald school in Hattiesburg, Miss., pictured on March 14, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1925-1926. It was badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but later restored.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1925-1926. It was badly damaged by Hurricane Katrina, but later restored.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The school is not listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
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The school is not listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
A glimpse through the window of the Bay Springs School, a Rosenwald school in Hattiesburg, Miss.
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A glimpse through the window of the Bay Springs School, a Rosenwald school in Hattiesburg, Miss.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The Canetuck School, a Rosenwald school in Currie, N.C., pictured on Feb. 17, 2021. The two-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2018. The school is now the Canetuck Community Center.
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The Canetuck School, a Rosenwald school in Currie, N.C., pictured on Feb. 17, 2021. The two-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2018.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Russell School (also known as Cain鈥檚 School), a Rosenwald school in Durham, N.C., pictured on Feb. 17, 2021.
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The Russell School (also known as Cain鈥檚 School), a Rosenwald school in Durham, N.C., pictured on Feb. 17, 2021.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1926-1927 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009. The building is now owned by Cain鈥檚 Chapel Missionary Baptist Church, which sits adjacent to it.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1926-1927 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009. The building is now owned by Cain鈥檚 Chapel Missionary Baptist Church, which sits adjacent to it.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Mt. Zion School (also known as the Mt. Zion Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Florence, S.C., pictured on Feb. 16, 2021.
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The Mt. Zion School (also known as the Mt. Zion Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Florence, S.C., pictured on Feb. 16, 2021.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the three-teacher school was developed between 1925-1926 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2001.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the three-teacher school was developed between 1925-1926 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2001.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
Mt. Zion United Methodist Church, located across the street, contributes to the preservation and maintenance of the building, which remains largely as it was when it was first built.
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Mt. Zion United Methodist Church, located across the street, contributes to the preservation and maintenance of the building, which remains largely as it was when it was first built.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Pine Grove School (also known as the Pine Grove Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Columbia, S.C., pictured on Feb. 16, 2021.
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The Pine Grove School (also known as the Pine Grove Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Columbia, S.C., pictured on Feb. 16, 2021.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009.
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The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
It has undergone renovations and restorations over the years and now sits alongside a community center, which is all owned by the Richland County Recreation Commission.
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It has undergone renovations and restorations over the years and now sits alongside a community center, which is all owned by the Richland County Recreation Commission.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Pine Grove School (also known as the Pine Grove Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Columbia, S.C.
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The Pine Grove School (also known as the Pine Grove Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Columbia, S.C.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Pine Grove School (also known as the Pine Grove Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Columbia, S.C., pictured from the side. Large windows were a regular feature of the schools.
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The Pine Grove School (also known as the Pine Grove Rosenwald Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Columbia, S.C., pictured from the side. Large windows were a regular feature of the schools.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Loudon School (also known as Dunbar Public School and the Dunbar School Community Center), a Rosenwald school in Loudon, Tenn., pictured on March 13, 2021.
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The Loudon School (also known as Dunbar Public School and the Dunbar School Community Center), a Rosenwald school in Loudon, Tenn., pictured on March 13, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007.
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It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The Hopewell School, a Rosenwald school in Cedar Creek, Texas, pictured on March 19, 2021.
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The Hopewell School, a Rosenwald school in Cedar Creek, Texas, pictured on March 19, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922 in the Craftsman style.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922 in the Craftsman style.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2015.
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It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2015.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
Dorothy Canter, president of the Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park Campaign.
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Dorothy Canter, president of the Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park Campaign.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The King William County Training School (also known as the Pamunkey Baptist Association Building), a Rosenwald school in King William, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021.
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The King William County Training School (also known as the Pamunkey Baptist Association Building), a Rosenwald school in King William, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the four-teacher school was developed between 1922-1923 and consisted of the school, a home economics building and a shop building, as well as a girls鈥� privy.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the four-teacher school was developed between 1922-1923 and consisted of the school, a home economics building and a shop building, as well as a girls鈥� privy.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The King William County Training School (also known as the Pamunkey Baptist Association Building), a Rosenwald school in King William, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021. According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the four-teacher school was developed between 1922-1923 and consisted of the school, a home economics building and a shop building, as well as a girls鈥� privy. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006.
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It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Woodville School (also known as the Scrabble School), a Rosenwald school in Castleton, Va., pictured on March 27, 2021. According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007.
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The Woodville School (also known as the Scrabble School), a Rosenwald school in Castleton, Va., pictured on March 27, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed between 1921-1922.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007.
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It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The Second Union School (also known as the Second Union Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Goochland, Va., has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006.
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The Second Union School (also known as the Second Union Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Goochland, Va., has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Second Union School (also known as the Second Union Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Goochland, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021. According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed in 1918 and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2006.
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The Second Union School (also known as the Second Union Colored School), a Rosenwald school in Goochland, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed in 1918.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the two-teacher school was developed in 1918.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Shady Grove School, a Rosenwald School in Louisa, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021.
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The Shady Grove School, a Rosenwald School in Louisa, Va., pictured on March 17, 2021.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
The Shady Grove School, a Rosenwald School in Louisa, Va., has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009.
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The Shady Grove School, a Rosenwald School in Louisa, Va., has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2009.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed between 1923-1924.
鈥� Jaclyn Borowski/91直播
Dunbar Junior High School (also known as Dunbar Junior and Senior High School and Junior College), a Rosenwald school in Little Rock, Ark., pictured on March 23, 2021.
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Dunbar Junior High School (also known as Dunbar Junior and Senior High School and Junior College), a Rosenwald school in Little Rock, Ark., pictured on March 23, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The school, named for Paul Laurence Dunbar 鈥� the first Black poet to gain worldwide recognition 鈥� is still in use as a middle school. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.
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The school, named for Paul Laurence Dunbar 鈥� the first Black poet to gain worldwide recognition 鈥� is still in use as a middle school. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1980.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the many-teacher school was developed between 1929-1930 and originally served as a combined junior/senior high school and junior college.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the many-teacher school was developed between 1929-1930 and originally served as a combined junior/senior high school and junior college.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
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The Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
Historic photos pictured inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala.
47/51
Historic photos pictured inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed in 1915.
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According to The Campaign to Create a Julius Rosenwald & Rosenwald Schools National Historical Park, the one-teacher school was developed in 1915.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1998.
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The school has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1998.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
A look inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
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A look inside the Emory School (also known as the Tunstall School), a Rosenwald school in Cedarville, Ala., pictured on March 14, 2021.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播
Large windows were a common feature amongst the Rosenwald schools.
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Large windows were a common feature amongst the Rosenwald schools.
鈥� Brooke Saias/91直播

Jaclyn Borowski
Director of Photography & Videography,  91直播
Jaclyn Borowski is the director of photography and videography for 91直播.
Daarel Burnette II
Assistant Managing Editor,  91直播
Daarel Burnette II was an assistant managing editor for 91直播.
Brooke Saias
Video Producer,  91直播
Brooke Saias is a video producer for 91直播, working to tell stories about the impact of education on communities.
Related Tags:
Black Students Foundations/Philanthropy Race School Funding Students of Color School Facilities & Design

Eric Harkleroad contributed to this article.

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