In its blueprint for reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, the Obama administration proposes requiring states to implement an evaluation system on the effectiveness of programs for English-language learners. But educators, advocates, and researchers who work with those students have differing views about whether states are well set up to meet such a requirement.
released last month also calls for states to standardize the criteria for identification of ELLs and for their readiness to leave special programs. That would be a big change for California, the state with about 40 percent of the nation鈥檚 English-learners. It now leaves it up to school districts to decide whether students are proficient enough to stop getting special help to learn the language.
How to tell whether programs for English-language learners work is a thorny issue that is at the center of two federal court cases.
Parties in Horne v. Flores, which was remanded by the U.S. Supreme Court last summer to a federal district court in Tucson, Ariz., plan to make opposing arguments in hearings scheduled to start Sept. 1 on whether Arizona has a system in place that effectively evaluates such programs.
Arizona education officials expect to argue that the state鈥檚 program in which English-learners must take four hours of English in separate classes each day is successful, based on data that show an increasing number of students have been reclassified as fluent in English each year since the program was put in place.
Margaret Garcia Dugan, Arizona鈥檚 deputy superintendent of public instruction, said in an interview that the program is working because the annual reclassification rate for ELLs jumped from 12 percent in 2007 to 22 percent in 2008, and then to 29 percent in 2009.
Reliance on Reclassification
The state has already standardized its criteria across school districts for when ELLs should leave special programs, as the Obama administration has urged. Students are recategorized as fluent in English and put in mainstream classes when they pass the state鈥檚 English-proficiency test.
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But Timothy Hogan, a lawyer for the Flores side and the executive director of the Arizona Center for Law in the Public Interest, says the state isn鈥檛 assessing the program in any 鈥渕eaningful way.鈥�
The first jump in the reclassification rate occurred before the four-hour program began, according to Mr. Hogan. Also, he said, it was a result of the state鈥檚 decision to start giving the English-proficiency test twice to kindergartners鈥攁t the start and end of the school year. At the kindergarten level, he said, English-learners are easily reclassified, but that rate isn鈥檛 representative of older students.
Mr. Hogan also contends that the English-proficiency test is too easy. 鈥淵ou can pass this test with being proficient orally but not in reading and writing,鈥� he said.
Meanwhile, measurement of the effectiveness of programs for English-learners is also a central issue in a federal court case brought against Texas by the American GI Forum of Texas, a Hispanic veterans鈥� association, and the League of United Latin American Citizens, or LULAC. A federal appeals court there ruled in United States v. Texas last month that the federal district court in Tyler, Texas, had put too much emphasis on the gap in performance on standardized content tests in English between ELLs and non-ELLs in determining that programs for secondary school English-learners weren鈥檛 effective.
The appeals court said it didn鈥檛 dispute the fact that the academic-achievement data for ELLs鈥攚hom the court, using an older label, calls limited-English-proficient鈥攊s 鈥渁larming.鈥� But, the ruling noted, 鈥渋t is difficult for standardized tests administered in English to accurately capture an LEP student鈥檚 knowledge of core curriculum.鈥�
The appeals court encouraged the GI Forum and LULAC to add individual school districts as defendants in the case so the district court could better examine the evidence for judging the failure of programs and how to fix them.
Debbie Graves Ratcliffe, a spokeswoman for the Texas Education Agency, said the state has put in place some of the elements of an evaluation system that the Obama administration鈥檚 plan describes.
Data Demands
The blueprint says states would be required to 鈥渋mplement a system to evaluate the effectiveness of language-instruction educational programs, and to provide information on the achievement of subgroups of English-learners, to drive better decisions by school districts for program improvement, and to support districts in selecting effective programs.鈥�
Ms. Ratcliffe said: 鈥淲e gather all this information and determine if certain districts appear to be high-risk and if they are implementing the programs effectively. If we feel they aren鈥檛 implementing programs as required by law, there are sanctions.鈥�
Roger L. Rice, a lawyer representing the GI Forum and LULAC, said Texas is collecting a lot of data, but state officials don鈥檛 examine it in a meaningful way. For example, he said, 鈥渨e put out proof that there were long-term English-language learners, kids in the schools for four or five years, and more than half of them weren鈥檛 gaining proficiency in English [in that time].鈥�
Delia Pompa, the vice president for education for the National Council of La Raza, a Latino advocacy group, says the federal government has long had requirements for ELL program evaluations.
Before the No Child Left Behind Act, the current version of the ESEA, became law eight years ago, she said, districts applying for federal grants for English-language-acquisition programs had to show why their programs should be funded and, after they got the grants, whether the programs had worked. The NCLB law replaced that discretionary-grant program with a formula-grant program that requires districts and states to report the progress English-learners make each year in learning the language and in attaining fluency, which she said is another form of evaluation.
Ms. Pompa, the director of the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 office of bilingual education and minority-languages affairs under the Clinton administration, said La Raza supports an evaluation requirement for states.
Timothy Boals, the executive director of the World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment consortium, noted that states increasingly have better longitudinal data on the academic progress of English-learners. His nonprofit organization devised an English-proficiency test now used by 21 states and the District of Columbia.
He supports the administration鈥檚 proposal to require state evaluation systems. 鈥淭he policy itself,鈥� he said, 鈥渕ay help drive those mechanisms that make it possible.鈥�
State Leeway
Others say they will support an evaluation requirement only if states can determine the components for that system.
Ms. Dugan of the Arizona education department said she would back such a requirement if it would be sufficient to use reclassification rates tied to statewide criteria to measure ELL programs鈥� effectiveness. 鈥淚f we start saying they have to be proficient in all content and academic areas, they will never be out of the program,鈥� she said.
Don Soifer, the executive vice president of the Arlington, Va.-based Lexington Institute, a think tank, that the requirement is a bad idea because it could mean more federal involvement in ELL programs.
But in an interview, Mr. Soifer said he could go along with such a requirement if it stressed students鈥� attaining English fluency.
The section on ELLs in the Obama administration鈥檚 reauthorization plan doesn鈥檛 contain much detail, but Education Department spokeswoman Sandra Abrevaya added some clarification last week.
鈥淥ur proposal would ask school districts to evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of a district鈥檚 program for [English-learner] students, and we would recommend that states look at multiple criteria such as EL student growth and attainment in English, student growth and achievement in the content areas, graduation rates, etc.,鈥� her e-mail said. 鈥淲e would also ask states to monitor that the programs implemented take into account the linguistic, cultural, and academic backgrounds of the EL students enrolled; that the programs use standards-based curricula; that they utilize funds appropriately; etc.鈥�
Soon after the administration released its ESEA plan, researchers who call themselves the detailed what they think ELL provisions should look like in the next version.
overlaps with the administration鈥檚 proposal in calling for criteria for standardized identification of ELLs within states.
But the researchers also propose some dramatically different provisions from those in the administration鈥檚 plan and the current ESEA.
They recommend that the federal government change the ELL category so such students remain in it for accountability purposes after they leave special English-learner programs.
鈥淚t鈥檚 to give educators credit for the success they鈥檝e had,鈥� explained Robert Linquanti, a member of the group and a senior research associate at WestEd, a nonprofit research and development agency. 鈥淎lso, these students have ongoing academic needs, and that can get lost because a lot of people figure, once they are exited from being ELLs, they are just fine.鈥�
