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Despite continued hype, K-12 educators remain skeptical that new technologies will transform public schooling or dramatically improve teaching and learning.

That鈥檚 according to a new, nationally representative survey conducted by the 91直播 Research Center. Fewer than one-third of America鈥檚 teachers said ed-tech innovations have changed their beliefs about what school should look like. Less than half said such advances have changed their beliefs about how to improve students鈥� academic outcomes. And just 29 percent felt strongly that ed-tech supports innovation in their own classrooms.

Such numbers reflect an often-overlooked truth about the multibillion dollar K-12 ed-tech market, said , an associate professor at Harvard University鈥檚 Graduate School of Education.

鈥淢ost ed-tech is pretty conservative, in the sense that it meets an existing need, not a future-oriented vision,鈥� Mehta said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not surprising that teachers don鈥檛 see such tools as fundamentally changing their views about what schools should be doing and how students should be learning.鈥�

Still, the tepid beliefs about the role of education technology are likely to raise eyebrows, in part because they are so deeply at odds with the messages coming from the ed-tech industry. In countless marketing campaigns, companies have billed everything from Chromebooks to the latest virtual-reality tools as innovative ways to create incredible new learning experiences for students.

Such promises, though, miss some elemental truths about what 鈥渋nnovation鈥� really entails.

For its survey, the 91直播 Research Center defined the term as 鈥渢he introduction of new or improved ideas, products, and/or processes.鈥� That鈥檚 drawn from , where innovation is typically understood to involve more than just buying new stuff.

In the business world, for example, experts say distributed leadership, a culture of experimentation, and lots of training and support are often the difference between a new technology collecting dust or ushering in a game-changing way of working.

Those are lessons that some K-12 leaders鈥攊ncluding Fort Smith, Ark., Superintendent Doug Brubaker, profiled in this report for his patient, pragmatic approach to improving his district鈥檚 use of technology鈥攈ave started to learn. The benefits include an appropriate emphasis on maintenance, sustainability, and evidence of effectiveness, all of which are often lacking in schools.

Too often, though, such low-key efforts are ignored in favor of headline-grabbing promises that later fade away. For educators, the results include innovation fatigue and a mounting cynicism about technology鈥檚 long-term potential to improve schooling.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 think we have a realistic picture of just how often attempts to innovate fall flat,鈥� said Lee Vinsel, an assistant professor of science, technology, and society at Virginia Tech. 鈥淵ou have to take into account people鈥檚 lived experiences with these things.鈥�

From television to desktop computers to classroom clickers, there鈥檚 a of teachers using new technologies to fit their established practices, rather than new technologies totally changing what teachers do.

That kind of incremental innovation appears to apply to new digital tools, as well.

In its survey, for example, the 91直播 Research Center asked 700 U.S. pre-K-12 teachers about the most innovative way they鈥檝e used technology. The most frequent responses involved using digital tools to spice up existing activities and assignments鈥攇amifying lessons with quiz app Kahoot!, perhaps, or using Google Slides to add a digital component to classroom presentations.

After that first, basic shift, attempts to innovate often seem to sputter.

Fewer than half the teachers surveyed said they have meaningfully changed the ways they use digital devices, learning apps, or instructional software over the past three years. Just 16 percent said they鈥檝e meaningfully changed how they use other technology hardware.

Experts say there are a couple ways to make sense of such trends.

Too often, said , the former Indianapolis mayor and New York City deputy mayor who currently heads Harvard鈥檚 Innovations in American Government program, public-sector leaders focus narrowly on big, disruptive changes.

鈥淲e should also include the day-to-day innovations in the way a public employee does his or her job,鈥� he said. 鈥淭hose need to be valued, too.鈥�

But when an organization鈥檚 capacity to improve itself is limited to such 鈥渢actical鈥� adjustments, the existing status quo is ultimately reinforced. That鈥檚 a problem, Goldsmith said.

Why is that dynamic so common in K-12?

One reason is that public school districts are generally compliance-based bureaucracies. Decisions are made at the top, then reinforced by layers of supervisors and managers who view their primary responsibility as making sure the people below them avoid mistakes, Goldsmith said. Teachers are given little autonomy and support to innovate on their own.

Big structural factors are also at play. Standardized-test-based accountability systems and schools鈥� notoriously slow purchasing cycles, for example, both inhibit the kind of rapid iteration and continuous-improvement cycles that many private businesses now prefer.

And then there鈥檚 new research from the University of Pennsylvania suggesting that teachers are significantly more risk-averse than workers in other fields.

Add it all up, and one of innovation鈥檚 essential ingredients is too often lacking in K-12, said a senior fellow at Penn鈥檚 Graduate School of Education.

鈥淪chools don鈥檛 have a culture of productive failure,鈥� she said. 鈥淚f the curriculum says, 鈥楧o this on Day 2,鈥� many teachers do it on Day 2, even if they know it鈥檚 not the right thing for their particular students.鈥�

Again, the findings from the 91直播 Research Center illuminate that view.

Just 28 percent of the teachers surveyed said their schools and districts treated failed experiments as an opportunity to learn. Thirty-nine percent said they鈥檙e encouraged to take risks with technology. Fewer than half said they鈥檙e provided with training to support classroom innovation with ed tech.

Worse, that lack of support appears to be particularly pronounced in schools serving a high percentage of students living in poverty. Twenty-one percent of teachers working in such environments said their school or district does not support innovation with technology at all, compared with 9 percent of teachers in lower-poverty schools.

It鈥檚 not that public-sector innovation is impossible.

Go into any public school and you鈥檒l likely find at least one entrepreneurial teacher who eagerly experiments after she closes her classroom door behind her.

Innovation is even happening within the federal government. A group called , for example, is working across agencies to solve technical problems, build new products, and improve services. One of its signature projects to date: Helping the National Science Foundation do a better job of attracting young, cutting-edge tech entrepreneurs whose work is eligible for federal seed funding.

鈥淏uying the latest and greatest [technology] doesn鈥檛 work if it isn鈥檛 introduced the right way,鈥� said Anne Petersen, 18F鈥檚 director of experience design. 鈥淲hat really matters is developing a better understanding of users and meeting their needs.鈥�

But for now, at least, that kind of approach remains a relative rarity in the world of public education.

Perhaps that鈥檚 why the spread of technology-based innovations in K-12 bears little resemblance to the ambitious claims that outsiders have been making for years. Back in 2008, for example, innovation guru Clayton M. Christensen predicted in his much-hyped book that half of all high school classes would be online by 2019, radically transforming the nature of public education.

Here we are. For better and for worse, it鈥檚 just one of many 鈥渋nnovations鈥� that haven鈥檛 unfolded as forecast.

And most K-12 educators seem well aware of that reality.